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Home » Technical Physics » Year 2026, issue 4 » Article p. 747
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Laser-written waveguides in lithium niobate: fabrication and optical loss characterization during fiber coupling
Russian version
Smayev M.P. 1, Ponomarev R.S. 2
1Lebedev Physical Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
2Perm State University, Perm, Russia
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Direct femtosecond writing of optical structures in the bulk material is an actively developing technique for fabricating integrated photonic elements, particularly attractive for nonlinear media, where tuning the recording beam parameters enables control over the frequency conversion of guided light. To create multifunctional photonic devices, waveguides inscribed in a crystal must be coupled to optical fibers, with minimized optical losses being essential for proper device integration. We investigated the regimes of laser modification of a lithium niobate single crystal using femtosecond pulses at a wavelength of 1030 nm, enabling the formation of polarization-sensitive tracks with a reduced refractive index. Waveguides with an unmodified LiNbO3 core and a cladding consisting of 32 tracks with lower refractive index were fabricated via laser beam scanning. The coupling of optical fibers with the input and output facets of the crystal was implemented. The fabrication waveguides exhibited propagation losses as low as 2 dB/cm. Keywords: direct laser writing, femtosecond pulses, channel waveguide, depressed cladding, lithium niobate, negative uniaxial crystals.
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